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The emergence and dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a growing concern to animal and public health. However, little is known about the spread of CRE in food and livestock and its potential transmission to humans. To identify CRE strains from different origins and sources, 53 isolates were cultured from 760 samples including retail meat products, patients, and porcine excrement. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out, followed by phylogenetic typing, whole-genome sequencing, broth mating assays, and plasmids analyses. Forty-three  Escherichia coli , nine  Klebsiella pneumoniae , and one  Enterobacter cloacae  isolates were identified, each exhibiting multidrug-resistant phenotypes. Genetically, the main sequence types (STs) of  E. coli  were ST156 ( n  = 7), ST354 ( n  = 7), and ST48 ( n  = 7), and the dominant ST of  K. pneumoniae  is ST11 ( n  = 5).  bla  NDM–5  ( n  = 40) of  E. coli  and  bla  KPC–2  ( n  = 5) were the key genes that conferred carbapenem resistance phenotypes in these CRE strains. Additionally, the  mcr-1  gene was identified in 17  bla  NDM -producing isolates. The  bla  NDM–5  gene from eight strains could be transferred to the recipients  via  conjugation assays. Two  mcr-1  genes in the  E. coli  isolates could be co-transferred along with the  bla  NDM–5  genes. IncF and IncX3 plasmids have been found to be predominantly associated with  bla  NDM  gene in these strains. Strains isolated in our study from different sources and regions tend to be concordant and overlap. CRE strains from retail meat products are a reservoir for transition of CRE strains between animals and humans. These data also provide evidence of the dissemination of CRE strains and carbapenem-resistant genes between animal and human sources.

Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Cultured From Retail Meat Products, Patients, and Porcine Excrement in China