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The newly described genus  Leptodesmis  comprises several strains of filamentous cyanobacteria from diverse, primarily cold, habitats. Here, we sequenced the complete genome of a novel hot-spring strain,  Leptodesmis  sp. PKUAC-SCTA121 (hereafter A121), isolated from Erdaoqiao hot springs (pH 6.32, 40.8°C), China. The analyses of 16S rRNA/16S-23S ITS phylogenies, secondary structures, and morphology strongly support strain A121 as a new species within  Leptodesmis, Leptodesmis sichuanensis  sp. nov. Notably, strain A121 is the first thermophilic representative of genus  Leptodesmis  and more broadly the first  Leptodesmis  sp. to have its genome sequenced. In addition, results of genome-scale phylogenetic analysis and average nucleotide/amino acid identity as well as  in silico  DNA-DNA hybridization and patristic analysis verify the establishment of genus  Leptodesmis  previously cryptic to  Phormidesmis . Comparative genomic analyses reveal that the  Leptodesmis  A121 and  Thermoleptolyngbya sichuanensis  A183 from the same hot-spring biome exhibit different genome structures but similar functional classifications of protein-coding genes. Although the core molecular components of photosynthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction were shared by the two strains, distinct genes associated with photosynthesis and signal transduction were identified, indicating that different strategies might be used by these strains to adapt to that specific niche. Furthermore, the complete genome of strain A121 provides the first insight into the genomic features of genus  Leptodesmis  and lays the foundation for future global ecogenomic and geogenomic studies.

Characterization of a Novel Hot-Spring Cyanobacterium Leptodesmis sichuanensis sp. Nov. and Genomic Insights of Molecular Adaptations Into Its Habitat