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There is a growing global concern regarding the rise of antimicrobial resistance among  Ureaplasma  spp. isolates. However, studies on the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, resistance mechanisms, and clonality of  Ureaplasma  spp. clinical isolates are still limited and cover only some geographic regions. Firstly,  Ureaplasma  species from the urogenital tracts of patients in Shanghai, China, were isolated by using the culture medium (A8 and 10B broth), and identified the genotype by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Secondly, the antimicrobial susceptibility tests were determined by using broth microdilution assay. Then, the resistance genetic determinants to fluoroquinolones (FQs), macrolides, and tetracyclines were investigated through PCR/DNA sequencing. Finally, the molecular epidemiology of  Ureaplasma  species was studied by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Among 258 isolates,  Ureaplasma parvum  (UPA) and  Ureaplasma urealyticum  (UUR) were found in 226 (87.60%) and 32 (12.40%) isolates, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 258  Ureaplasma  spp. strains ranged from 0.015 to 64μg/ml for all 11 kinds of antimicrobials. Regardless of species, the isolates were most sensitive to AZI (1.94%), JOS (3.49%), and CLA (4.23%). Among them, there were 39 (15.12%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, including 32 UPA isolates. The resistance rates of UPA to CIP (91.59%), and ROX (36.28%) were significantly higher than those of UUR. Twenty six FQ-resistant isolates had amino acid substitutions in  gyrA  and in  parC  (Ser83Leu). Mutations were detected in genes encoding ribosomal proteins L4 (Thr84Ile) and L22 (Ser81Pro) in macrolide-resistant isolates.  Tet (M) was found in four UPA isolates. These mutations were mainly found in UPA isolates. Sequence type 1 (ST1) was the predominant ST, which contained 18 isolates. In conclusion, this study showed a higher resistance rate (especially to ROX and CIP), higher substitution rate, and higher MDR rate among UPA strains. The most active antimicrobial agents were AZI, JOS, and CLA. Identifying UPA or UUR in clinical isolates could help clinicians to choose appropriate drugs for treatment. The main resistance mechanisms may involve gene substitution of Ser83Leu in  parC  and Ser81Pro in L22. ST1 was the predominant ST of  Ureaplasma  isolates with MDR to FQs and macrolides in Shanghai, China.

Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genotypic Characterization of Clinical Ureaplasma Isolates Circulating in Shanghai, China