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Banana is an important fruit crop.  Fusarium  wilt caused by  Fusarium oxysporum  f. sp.  cubense  tropical race 4 (Foc TR4) seriously threatens the global banana industry. It is difficult to control the disease spread using chemical measures. In addition, commercial resistant cultivars are also lacking. Biological control is considered as a promising strategy using antagonistic microbes. Actinomycetes, especially  Streptomyces , are potential sources of producing novel bioactive secondary metabolites. Here, strain SCA2-4  T   with strong antifungal activity against Foc TR4 was isolated from the rhizospheric soil of  Opuntia stricta  in a dry hot valley. The morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of the strain were consistent with the genus  Streptomyces . Based on the homology alignment and phylogenetic trees of 16S  rRNA  gene, the taxonomic status of strain SCA2-4  T   exhibited a paradoxical result and low bootstrap value using different algorithms in the MEGA software. It prompted us to further discriminate this strain from the closely related species by the multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using five house-keeping gene alleles ( atpD ,  gyrB ,  recA ,  rpoB , and  trpB ). The MLSA trees calculated by three algorithms demonstrated that strain SCA2-4  T   formed a distinct clade with  Streptomyces mobaraensis  NBRC 13819  T  . The MLSA distance was above 0.007 of the species cut-off. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain SCA2-4  T   genome and two standard strain genomes were below 95-96% of the novel species threshold. Strain SCA2-4  T   was assigned to a novel species of the genus  Streptomyces  and named as  Streptomyces huiliensis  sp. nov. The sequenced complete genome of SCA2-4  T   encoded 51 putative biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites. Genome alignment revealed that ten gene clusters were involved in the biosynthesis of antimicrobial metabolites. It was supported that strain SCA2-4  T   showed strong antifungal activities against the pathogens of banana fungal diseases. Extracts abstracted from the culture filtrate of strain SCA2-4  T   seriously destroyed cell structure of Foc TR4 and inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination. These results implied that strain SCA2-4  T   could be a promising candidate for biological control of banana  Fusarium  wilt.

frontiers in microbiology

Identification and Antifungal Mechanism of a Novel Actinobacterium Streptomyces huiliensis sp. nov. Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 of Banana