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Objectives  Carbapenems, colistin, and tigecycline are critically important antibiotics in clinics. After the global appearance of  bla   NDM   and  mcr  mediating the resistance to carbapenems and colistin, respectively, tigecycline becomes the last-resort drug against severe human infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. Recently, a mobile tigecycline resistance gene  tet (X4) has been identified in  Escherichia coli ,  Klebsiella pneumoniae , and  Acinetobacter baumannii  that causes high resistance to tigecycline and other tetracyclines. In this study, the prevalence of  tet (X4) in  E. coli  isolates from duck and goose farms in Southeast China was identified and characterized.    Methods  Feces, soil, sewage, and dust samples were collected from duck and goose farms along with the southeast coast provinces of China. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction screening were performed to investigate the phenotype and genotype of tigecycline resistance. Conjugation, S1 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome sequencing were used to determine the transferability, genetic location, and the genomic characteristics of  tet (X4).    Results  In total, 1,716 samples were collected, and 16 isolates (0.9%) recovered from Guangdong, Shandong, and Jiangsu were positive for  tet (X4) gene with tigecycline minimum inhibitory concentrations ≥16 mg/L. Notably, among these  tet (X4)-positive  E. coil  isolates, seven of them were from the environment samples (soil and sewage). PFGE and multilocus sequence typing demonstrated that ST3997 was the most prevalent sequence type (eight isolates, 50%) in Jiangsu province. By conjugation assays, 11 isolates were able to transfer  tet (X4) plasmid to  E. coli  C600 recipient, and these plasmids belonged to IncHI1 and IncX1 detected by sequence analysis.  tet (X4) was found adjacent to an insertion sequence IS CR2  downstream and a  cat D gene upstream for all isolates. In addition, multiple-drug resistance to tigecycline, chlortetracycline, ampicillin, florfenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and fosfomycin was profiled in most of the  tet (X4)-positive isolates.    Conclusion  The identification of  tet (X4) harboring  E. coli  strains in duck farms and their surrounding environment enlarges our knowledge of the variety and prevalence of tigecycline resistance. The prevalence of  tet (X4) raises concern for the use of tetracyclines in animal farming, and the  tet (X4) gene should be listed as primary gene for resistance surveillance.

Prevalence of tet(X4) in Escherichia coli From Duck Farms in Southeast China