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Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a primary greenhouse gas and the main cause of global warming. Respiration from plant cells and microorganisms enables CO 2  to be produced during ensiling, a method of moist forage preservation applied worldwide. However, limited information is available regarding CO 2  emissions and mitigation during ensiling. Pyroligneous acid, a by-product of plant biomass pyrolysis, has a strong antibacterial capacity. To investigate CO 2  production and the influence of pyroligneous acid, fresh stylo, and rice straw were ensiled with or without 1% or 2% pyroligneous acid. Dynamics of the fermentation characteristics, CO 2  production, and bacterial communities during ensiling were analyzed. Pyroligneous acid increased the lactic acid content and decreased the weight losses, pH, ammonia-N content, butyric acid content, and coliform bacterial numbers (all  P  < 0.05). It also increased the relative abundance of  Lactobacillus  and decreased the relative abundances of harmful bacteria such as  Enterobacter  and  Lachnoclostridium . Adding pyrolytic acids reduced the gas production, especially of CO 2 . It also increased the relative abundances of CO 2 -producing bacterial genera and of genera with the potential for CO 2  fixation. In conclusion, adding pyroligneous acid improved the fermentation quality of the two silages. During ensiling, CO 2  production was correlated with bacterial community alterations. Using pyroligneous acid altered the bacterial community to reduce CO 2  production during ensiling. Given the large production and demand for silage worldwide, application of pyroligneous acid may be an effective method of mitigating global warming via CO 2  emissions.

Influence of Pyroligneous Acid on Fermentation Parameters, CO2 Production and Bacterial Communities of Rice Straw and Stylo Silage