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Zeaxanthin is vital to human health; thus, its production has received much attention, and it is also an essential precursor for the biosynthesis of other critical carotenoids such as astaxanthin and crocetin.  Yarrowia lipolytica  is one of the most intensively studied non-conventional yeasts and has been genetically engineered as a cell factory to produce carotenoids such as lycopene and β-carotene. However, zeaxanthin production by  Y. lipolytica  has not been well investigated. To fill this gap, β-carotene biosynthesis pathway has been first constructed in this study by the expression of genes, including  crtE ,  crtB ,  crtI , and  carRP . Three  crtZ  genes encoding β-carotene hydroxylase from different organisms were individually introduced into β-carotene-producing  Y. lipolytica  to evaluate their performance for producing zeaxanthin. The expression of  crtZ  from the bacterium  Pantoea ananatis  (formerly  Erwinia uredovora, Eu-crtZ ) resulted in the highest zeaxanthin titer and content on the basis of dry cell weight (DCW). After verifying the function of  Eu-crtZ  for producing zeaxanthin, the high-copy-number integration into the ribosomal DNA of  Y. lipolytica  led to a 4.02-fold increase in the titer of zeaxanthin and a 721% increase in the content of zeaxanthin. The highest zeaxanthin titer achieved 21.98 ± 1.80 mg/L by the strain grown on a yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD)–rich medium. In contrast, the highest content of DCW reached 3.20 ± 0.11 mg/g using a synthetic yeast nitrogen base (YNB) medium to culture the cells. Over 18.0 g/L of citric acid was detected in the supernatant of the YPD medium at the end of cultivation. Furthermore, the zeaxanthin-producing strains still accumulated a large amount of lycopene and β-carotene. The results demonstrated the potential of a cell factory for zeaxanthin biosynthesis and opened up an avenue to engineer this host for the overproduction of carotenoids.

Metabolic Engineering of Non-carotenoid-Producing Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica for the Biosynthesis of Zeaxanthin