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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum  is a devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen and has a substantial economic impact on crop production worldwide. Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins have been suggested to be involved in the appressorium formation in  Magnaporthe oryzae .  Sscnd1 , an MAS homolog gene, is highly induced at the early infection stage of  S. sclerotiorum . Knock-down the expression of  Sscnd1  gene severely reduced the virulence of  S. sclerotiorum  on intact rapeseed leaves, and their virulence was partially restored on wounded leaves. The  Sscnd1  gene-silenced strains exhibited a defect in compound appressorium formation and cell integrity. The instantaneous silencing of  Sscnd1  by tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) resulted in a significant reduction in disease development in tobacco. Three transgenic HIGS  Arabidopsis  lines displayed high levels of resistance to  S. sclerotiorum  and decreased  Sscnd1  expression. Production of specific  Sscnd1  siRNA in transgenic HIGS  Arabidopsis  lines was confirmed by stem-loop qRT-PCR. This study revealed that the compound appressorium - related gene  Sscnd1  is required for cell integrity and full virulence in  S. sclerotiorum  and that Sclerotinia stem rot can be controlled by expressing the silencing constructs of  Sscnd1  in host plants.

Host-Induced Gene Silencing of a Multifunction Gene Sscnd1 Enhances Plant Resistance Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum