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Nitric oxide (NO) is an important antimicrobial effector produced by the host innate immune system to counteract invading pathogens. To survive and establish a successful infection, a fulminating human pathogen  Vibrio vulnificus  expresses the  hmpA  gene encoding an NO dioxygenase in an NO-responsive manner. In this study, we identified an Rrf2-family transcriptional regulator NsrR that is predicted to contain the Fe-S cluster coordinated by three cysteine residues. Transcriptome analysis showed that NsrR controls the expression of multiple genes potentially involved in nitrosative stress responses. Particularly, NsrR acts as a strong repressor of  hmpA  transcription and relieves the repression of  hmpA  upon exposure to NO. Notably,  nsrR  and  hmpA  are transcribed divergently, and their promoter regions overlap with each other. Molecular biological analyses revealed that NsrR directly binds to this overlapping promoter region, which is alleviated by loss of the Fe-S cluster, leading to the subsequent derepression of  hmpA  under nitrosative stress. We further found that a leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) negatively regulates  hmpA  in an NsrR-dependent manner by directly binding to the promoter region, presumably resulting in a DNA conformation change to support the repression by NsrR. Meanwhile, a cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP) positively regulates  hmpA  probably through repression of  nsrR  and  lrp  by directly binding to each promoter region in a sequential cascade. Altogether, this collaborative regulation of NsrR along with Lrp and CRP enables an elaborate control of  hmpA  transcription, contributing to survival under host-derived nitrosative stress and thereby the pathogenesis of  V. vulnificus .

A Nitric Oxide-Responsive Transcriptional Regulator NsrR Cooperates With Lrp and CRP to Tightly Control the hmpA Gene in Vibrio vulnificus