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Vigna minima  is a climbing annual plant widely distributed in barren wilderness, grass land, and shrub bush of China and other countries such as Japan. However, the rhizobia nodulating with this plant has never been systematically studied. In order to reveal the biodiversity of nodulating rhizobia symbiosis with  V. minima , a total of 874 rhizobium isolates were obtained from root nodules of the plant spread in 11 sampling sites of Shandong Peninsula, China, and they were designated as 41 haplotypes in the genus  Bradyrhizobium  based upon  recA  sequence analyses. By multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of five housekeeping genes ( dnaK ,  glnII ,  gyrB ,  recA , and  rpoB ), the 41 strains representing different  recA  haplotypes were classified into nine defined species and nine novel genospecies.  Bradyrhizobium elkanii ,  Bradyrhizobium ferriligni , and  Bradyrhizobium pachyrhizi  were the predominant and universally distributed groups. The phylogeny of symbiotic genes of  nodC  and  nifH  showed similar topology and phylogenetic relationships, in which all the representative strains were classified into two clades grouped with strains nodulating with  Vigna  spp., demonstrating that  Vigna  spp. shared common nodulating groups in the natural environment. All the representative strains formed nodules with  V. minima  in a nodulation test performed in green house conditions. The correlation between  V. minima  nodulating rhizobia and soil characteristics analyzed by CANOCO indicates that available nitrogen, total nitrogen, and organic carbon in the soil samples were the main factors affecting the distribution of rhizobia isolated in this study. This study systematically uncovered the biodiversity and distribution characteristics of  V. minima  nodulating rhizobia for the first time, which provided novel information for the formation of the corresponding rhizobium community.

Biodiversity and Geographic Distribution of Rhizobia Nodulating With Vigna minima