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Colistin is used to treat infectious diseases in humans and livestock; it has also been used as a feed additive for livestock for approximately 50 years. Since the  mcr-1  plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene was discovered in China in 2015, it has been detected worldwide, mainly in livestock. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of  mcr -mediated colistin-resistant  Escherichia coli  in livestock and farmers in Japan. We collected fecal samples from 295 healthy livestock (202 cattle and 93 swine) and 62 healthy farmers from 72 livestock farms (58 cattle farms and 14 swine farms) between 2013 and 2015. Twenty-eight  mcr-1 -harboring  E. coli  strains were isolated from 25 livestock (six cattle and 19 swine) and three farmers (two cattle farmers and one swine farmer). The prevalence rates of  mcr-1 -harboring  E. coli  in livestock and farmers were 8.47 and 4.84%, respectively. Of the 28 strains, the resistance genes of three were transferable  via  the  mcr-1 -coding plasmids to  E. coli  J53 at low frequencies (10 −7 –10 −8 ). Six strains coharbored  mcr-1  with CTX-M β-lactamases (CTX-M-14, CTX-M-27, or CTX-M-156). Of the isolates obtained from livestock and farmers in four farms (farms C, I, N, and P), nine strains had the same genotypical characteristics (sequence types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis band patterns), plasmid characteristics (incompatibility group and plasmid transferability), and minimum inhibitory concentrations. Thus, the findings suggested that clonal strains could spread among livestock and farmers within farms. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect clonal relatedness of  mcr-1 -mediated colistin-resistant  E. coli  in livestock and farmers. It is suggested that farmers are at a higher risk of acquiring  mcr-1 -harboring strains, calling for our attention based on the One Health concept.

Prevalence and Relatedness of mcr-1-Mediated Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Livestock and Farmers in Japan