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Salmonella  is the primary cause of community-acquired foodborne infections, so its resistance to antimicrobials, such as aminoglycosides, is a public health issue. Of concern, aminoglycoside resistance in  Salmonella  is increasing rapidly. Here, we performed a retrospective study evaluating the prevalence of  Salmonella  harboring  armA -mediated aminoglycoside resistance in community-acquired infections and in food or environmental sources. The prevalence rates of  armA -harboring  Salmonella  strains were 1.1/1,000 (13/12,095) and 8.7/1,000 (32/3,687) in outpatient and food/environmental isolates, respectively. All the  armA -harboring  Salmonella  strains were resistant to multiple drugs, including fluoroquinolone and/or extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and most (34/45) belonged to serovar Indiana. The  armA  gene of these strains were all carried on plasmids, which spanned five replicon types with IncHI2 being the dominant plasmid type. All the  armA -carrying plasmids were transferable into  Escherichia coli  and  Acinetobacter baumannii  recipients. The conjugation experiment results revealed that the  armA -harboring  S . Indiana strains had a relatively higher ability to acquire  armA -carrying plasmids. The low similarity of their pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns indicates that the  armA -harboring  Salmonella  strains were unlikely to have originated from a single epidemic clone, suggesting broad  armA  spread. Furthermore, the genetic backgrounds of  armA -harboring  Salmonella  strains isolated from outpatients exhibited higher similarity to those isolated from poultry than to those isolated from swine, suggesting that poultry consumption maybe an infection source. These findings highlight an urgent need to monitor the prevalence and transmission of  armA -harboring  Salmonella , especially  S.  Indiana, to better understand the potential public health threat and prevent the further spread of these strains.

Prevalence of 16S rRNA Methylation Enzyme Gene armA in Salmonella From Outpatients and Food