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The European epidemic monophasic variant of  Salmonella  enterica serovar  Typhimurium  ( S .  1 ,4,[5],12:i:-) characterized by the multi  locus  sequence type ST34 and the antimicrobial resistance ASSuT profile has become one of the most common serovars in Europe (EU) and the United States (US). In this study, we reconstructed the time-scaled phylogeny and evolution of this  Salmonella  in Europe. The epidemic  S .  1 ,4,[5],12:i:- ST34 emerged in the 1980s by an acquisition of the  Salmonella  Genomic Island (SGI)-4 at the 3′ end of the phenylalanine  phe  tRNA  locus  conferring resistance to copper and arsenic toxicity. Subsequent integration of the Tn21 transposon into the  fljAB locus  gave resistance to mercury toxicity and several classes of antibiotics used in food-producing animals (ASSuT profile). The second step of the evolution occurred in the 1990s, with the integration of mTmV and mTmV-like prophages carrying the  perC  and/or  sopE  genes involved in the ability to reduce nitrates in intestinal contents and facilitate the disruption of the junctions of the host intestinal epithelial cells. Heavy metals are largely used as food supplements or pesticide for cultivation of seeds intended for animal feed so the expansion of the epidemic  S.  1,4,[5],12:i:- ST34 was strongly related to the multiple-heavy metal resistance acquired by transposons, integrative and conjugative elements and facilitated by the escape until 2011 from the regulatory actions applied in the control of  S.  Typhimurium in Europe. The genomic plasticity of the epidemic  S.  1,4,[5],12:i:- was demonstrated in our study by the analysis of the plasmidome. We were able to identify plasmids harboring genes mediating resistance to phenicols, colistin, and fluoroquinolone and also describe for the first time in six of the analyzed genomes the presence of two plasmids (pERR1744967-1 and pERR2174855-2) previously described only in strains of enterotoxigenic  Escherichia coli  and  E. fergusonii .

frontiers in microbiology

The Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Microevolution Events That Favored the Success of the Highly Clonal Multidrug-Resistant Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium Circulating in Europe