English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Geobacillus kaustophilus  HTA426 is a thermophilic bacterium whose genome harbors numerous insertion sequences (IS). This study was initially conducted to generate mutant genes for thermostable T7 RNA polymerase in  G. kaustophilus ; however, relevant experiments unexpectedly identified that the organism transposed multiple IS elements and produced derivative cells that expressed a silent gene via transposition. The transposed elements were diverse and included members of the IS 4 , IS 701 , IS 1634 , and IS Lre2  families. The transposition was relatively active at elevated temperatures and generated 4–9 bp of direct repeats at insertion sites. Transposition was more frequent in proliferative cells than in stationary cells but was comparable between both cells when  sigX , which encodes an extra-cytoplasmic function sigma factor, was forcibly expressed. Southern blot analysis indicated that IS transposition occurred under growth inhibitory conditions by diverse stressors; however, IS transposition was not detected in cells that were cultured under growth non-inhibitory conditions. These observations suggest that  G. kaustophilus  enhances IS transposition via  sigX -dependent stress responses when proliferative cells were prevented from active propagation. Considering  Geobacillus  spp. are highly adaptive bacteria that are remarkably distributed in diverse niches, it is possible that these organisms employ IS transposition for environmental adaptation via genetic diversification. Thus, this study provides new insights into adaptation strategies of  Geobacillus  spp. along with implications for strong codependence between mobile genetic elements and highly adaptive bacteria for stable persistence and evolutionary diversification, respectively. This is also the first report to reveal active IS elements at elevated temperatures in thermophiles and to suggest a sigma factor that governs IS transposition.

Frequent Transposition of Multiple Insertion Sequences in Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA426