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Spores from the  Bacillus  species pose a challenge to the food industry because of their ubiquitous nature and extreme resistance. Accumulated evidence indicates that it is effective to induce spore germination homogenously before killing them. However, it is difficult to obtain and apply exogenous germination factors, which will affect food composition. Therefore, this study screened endogenous germinants from microorganisms by assessing the effect of  Escherichia coli ,  Bacillus subtilis ,  Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,  Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , and  Streptococcus thermophilus  cultures (cell-free) on  B. subtilis  spore germination. The results showed that the supernatants from these five microorganisms induced spore germination instead of sediments. Moreover, the supernatants of  E. coli ,  B. subtilis , and  S. cerevisiae  exhibited higher germination rates than  L. plantarum  and  S. thermophilus , and the induction effects were concentration-dependent. Furthermore, plate counting confirmed that the microbial supernatants induced the lowest spore germination ratio on strains  B. subtilis  FB85 [germination receptors (GRs) mutant] but not strains  B. subtilis  PB705 (PrkC mutant). In addition,  B. subtilis  and  S. cerevisiae  supernatants, combined with pressure and temperature, were effective in spore inactivation. The findings suggested that microbial supernatants may include agents that induce spore germination and may be used for spore inactivation.

Pressure and Temperature Combined With Microbial Supernatant Effectively Inactivate Bacillus subtilis Spores