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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis  is an important animal pathogen, particularly for birds, rodents, and monkeys, which is also able to infect humans. Indeed, an increasing number of reports have been published on zoo animals that were killed by this species. One option to treat diseased animals is the application of strictly lytic (virulent) phages. However, thus far relatively few phages infecting  Y. pseudotuberculosis  have been isolated and characterized. To determine the prevalence of  Y. pseudotuberculosis  phages in zoo animals, fecal samples of birds and some primates, maras, and peccaries kept in the Tierpark Berlin were analyzed. Seventeen out of 74 samples taken in 2013 and 2017 contained virulent phages. The isolated phages were analyzed in detail and could be allocated to three groups. The first group is composed of 10 T4-like phages (PYps2T taxon group:  Myoviridae ;  Tevenvirinae ;  Tequatrovirus ), the second group (PYps23T taxon group:  Chaseviridae ;  Carltongylesvirus ;  Escherichia  virus ST32) consists of five phages encoding a podovirus-like RNA polymerase that is related to an uncommon genus of myoviruses (e.g.,  Escherichia coli  phage phiEcoM-GJ1), while the third group is comprised of two podoviruses (PYps50T taxon group:  Autographiviridae ;  Studiervirinae ;  Berlinvirus ) which are closely related to T7. The host range of the isolated phages differed significantly. Between 5.5 and 86.7% of 128  Y. pseudotuberculosis  strains belonging to 20 serotypes were lysed by each phage. All phages were additionally able to lyse  Y. enterocolitica  B4/O:3 strains, when incubated at 37°C. Some phages also infected  Y. pestis  strains and even strains belonging to other genera of  Enterobacteriaceae . A cocktail containing two of these phages would be able to lyse almost 93% of the tested  Y. pseudotuberculosis  strains. The study indicates that  Y. pseudotuberculosis  phages exhibiting a broad-host range can be isolated quite easily from zoo animals, particularly birds.

Birds Kept in the German Zoo “Tierpark Berlin” Are a Common Source for Polyvalent Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Phages