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Similar to those in the upper respiratory tract, there are microbes present in the healthy human lower respiratory tract (LRT), including the lungs and bronchus. To evaluate the relationship between LRT microbiome and allergic respiratory diseases in children, we enrolled 68 children who underwent bronchoscopy from January 2018 to December 2018 in the affiliated hospital of the Capital Institute of Pediatrics. Using the total IgE (TIgE) values, children were divided into two groups: allergy sensitivity (AS) group and non-allergy sensitivity (NAS) group. Nucleic acid was extracted from samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the two groups of children taken during bronchoscopy treatment and the 16S rDNA gene was sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that  Haemophilus ,  Moraxella ,  Streptococcus ,  Prevotella ,  Neisseria , and  Rothia  were detected in all patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the composition and distribution of microbiota between the AS and NAS groups ( p  < 0.01). Analysis of the correlation of clinical indices and microbiome showed that TIgE was positively correlated with  Bacteroidetes  and negatively correlated with  Streptococcus . Absolute lymphocyte count showed a relationship with  Streptococcus , and the absolute neutrophil count or percentage of neutrophils showed a relationship with  Cardiobacterium . The LRT microbiome functioned similarly to the intestinal microbiome. That is, the decrease in microbial diversity and the change in composition could lead to an increase in allergic symptoms. The microbiome of the LRT in children, especially that of  Bacteriodetes  and  Streptococcus , showed a correlation with respiratory allergic diseases.

The Relationship Between Lower Respiratory Tract Microbiome and Allergic Respiratory Tract Diseases in Children