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A novel type II toxin of toxin–antitoxin systems (TAs), Gcn5-related  N -acetyltransferase (GNAT) family, was reported recently. GNAT toxins are mainly present in pathogenic species, but studies of their involvement in pathogenicity are rare. This study discovered that the GANT toxin AtaT in enterohemorrhagic  Escherichia coli  (EHEC) can significantly enhance strain pathogenicity. First, we detected the virulence of Δ ataT  and Δ ataR  in cell and animal models. In the absence of  ataT , strains showed a lower adhesion number, and host cells presented weaker attaching and effacing lesions, inflammatory response, and pathological injury. Next, we screened the acetylation substrate of AtaT to understand the underlying mechanism. Results showed that  E. coli  pore-forming protein EspB, which acts as a translocon in type III secretion system (T3SS) in strains, can be acetylated specifically by AtaT. The acetylation of K206 in EspB increases protein stability and maintains the efficiency of effectors translocating into host cells to cause close adhesion and tissue damage.

AtaT Improves the Stability of Pore-Forming Protein EspB by Acetylating Lysine 206 to Enhance Strain Virulence