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Thermophilic  Campylobacter  species are among the major etiologies of bacterial enteritis globally. This study aimed at assessing the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, virulence genes, and genetic diversity of thermophilic  Campylobacter  species isolated from a layer poultry farm in South Korea. One hundred fifty-three chicken feces were collected from two layer poultry farms in Gangneung, South Korea. The  Campylobacter  species were isolated by cultural techniques, while PCR and sequencing were used for species confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for six antimicrobials [ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), sitafloxacin (SIT), erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET), and gentamicin (GEN)] was carried out by broth microdilution. Three AMR and nine virulence genes were screened by PCR. Genotyping was performed by  fla A-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Of the 153 samples,  Campylobacter  spp. were detected in 55 (35.9%), with  Campylobacter jejuni  and  Campylobacter coli  being 49 (89.1%) and six (10.9%), respectively. High-level resistance was observed for CIP (100%), NAL (100%), and TET ( C. jejuni , 93.9%;  C. coli : 83.3%). No resistance was observed for SIT. The missense mutation (C257T) in  gyr A gene was confirmed by sequencing, while the  tet (O) gene was similar to known sequences in GenBank. The rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 8.2%, and they all belonged to  C. jejuni . All  Campylobacter  isolates possessed five virulence genes ( cdt B,  cst II,  fla A,  cad F, and  dna J), but none possessed  ggt , while the rates for other genes ( csr A,  cia B, and  pld A) ranged between 33.3 and 95.9%. The  fla A-RFLP yielded 26  fla A types ( C. jejuni : 21 and  C. coli : five), while the MLST showed 10 sequence types (STs) for  C. jejuni  and three STs for  C. coli , with CC-607 (STs 3611) and CC-460 (ST-460) being predominant. Among the 10 STs of  C. jejuni , three were newly assigned. The findings of this study highlight the increased resistance to quinolones and TET, the virulence potential, and the diverse genotypes among  Campylobacter  strains isolated from the layer poultry farm.

frontiers in microbiology

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Virulence Genes, and Genetic Diversity of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species Isolated From a Layer Poultry Farm in Korea