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Water resources contaminated with pathogenic  Vibrio  species are usually a source of devastating infection outbreaks that have been a public health concern in both developed and developing countries over the decades. The present study assessed the prevalence of six medically significant  Vibrio  species in some water resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa for 12 months. We detected vibrios in all the 194 water samples analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of  Vibrio cholerae ,  Vibrio mimicus ,  Vibrio fluvialis ,  Vibrio vulnificus ,  Vibrio alginolyticus , and  Vibrio parahaemolyticus  in freshwater samples was 34, 19, 9, 2, 3, and 2%, and that in brackish water samples was 44, 28, 10, 7, 46, and 51%, respectively. The population of the presumptive  Vibrio  spp. isolated from freshwater (628) and brackish water (342) samples that were confirmed by PCR was 79% (497/628) and 85% (291/342), respectively. Twenty-two percent of the PCR-confirmed  Vibrio  isolates from freshwater ( n  = 497) samples and 41% of the PCR-confirmed  Vibrio  isolates from brackish water samples ( n  = 291) fall among the  Vibrio  species of interest. The incidences of  V. cholerae ,  V. mimicus ,  V. fluvialis ,  V. vulnificus ,  V. alginolyticus , and  V. parahaemolyticus  amidst these  Vibrio  spp. of interest that were recovered from freshwater samples were 75, 14, 4, 6, 1, and 1%, whereas those from brackish water samples were 24, 7, 3, 3, 47, and 18%, respectively. Our observation during the study suggests pollution as the reason for the unusual isolation of medically important vibrios in winter. Correlation analysis revealed that temperature drives the frequency of isolation, whereas salinity drives the composition of the targeted  Vibrio  species at our sampling sites. The finding of the study is of public health importance going by the usefulness of the water resources investigated. Although controlling and preventing most of the factors that contribute to the prevalence of medically important bacteria, such as  Vibrio  species, at the sampling points might be difficult, regular monitoring for creating health risk awareness will go a long way to prevent possible  Vibrio -related infection outbreaks at the sampling sites and their immediate environment.

frontiers in microbiology

Molecular Detection and Distribution of Six Medically Important Vibrio spp. in Selected Freshwater and Brackish Water Resources in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa