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Commiphora leptophloeos  (Burseraceae) is a medicinal plant native to Brazil which is popularly used for treating oral and vaginal infections. There has been no scientific evidence pointing to its efficacy in the treatment of these infections. Thus, this study sought to investigate the cytotoxic, antifungal, and antibiofilm activity of  C. leptophloeos  against  Candida  spp. and to isolate, identify, and quantify the content of B-type oligomeric procyanidins (BDP) in the extract of  C. leptophloeos  stem bark. The extract and the  n -butanol fraction were obtained by maceration and liquid-liquid partition, respectively. Phytochemical analysis performed by HPLC-PDA/ELSD and FIA-ESI-IT-MS/MS allowed the identification and quantification of BDP in the samples. The application of centrifugal partition chromatography helped isolate BDP, which was identified by  1 H NMR and MS analyses.  Candida  spp. reference strains and clinical isolates (including fluconazole-resistant strains) derived from the blood cultures of candidemic patients and the vaginal secretion of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis were used for evaluating the antifungal and antibiofilm effects. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by the microdilution technique, and biofilm inhibition was evaluated through crystal violet and XTT assays. The combined action of BDP with fluconazole was determined by the checkerboard method. The extract, the  n -butanol fraction, and the BDP exhibited antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 312.5 to 2500 μg/mL and were found to significantly reduce the biofilm formed in all the  Candida  strains investigated. BDP showed a fungicidal potential against strains of  Candida  spp. (especially against fluconazole-resistant strains), with MIC and MFC values ranging from 156.2 to 2500 μg/mL. In addition, the combined application of BDP and fluconazole produced synergistic antifungal effects against resistant  Candida  spp. (FICI = 0.31–1.5). The cytotoxic properties of the samples evaluated in human erythrocytes through hemolytic test did not show hemolytic activity under active concentrations. The findings of the study show that  C. leptophloeos  has antifungal and antibiofilm potential but does not cause toxicity in human erythrocytes. Finally, BDP, which was isolated for the first time in  C. leptophloeos , was found to exhibit antifungal effect against  Candida  spp. either when applied alone or in combination with fluconazole.

frontiers in microbiology

Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of B-Type Oligomeric Procyanidins From Commiphora leptophloeos Used Alone or in Combination With Fluconazole Against Candida spp.