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The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes, AmpC-type β-lactamase (ACBL) genes, and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in  Salmonella  isolated at a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital microbiology laboratory, examine trends in presence of these resistance genes, and to explore the correlation between phenotypic resistance and presence of specific genes. The presence of ESBL, ACBL, and PMQR genes were detected using a single, novel multiplex qPCR. Only the genes  bla  CMY–2  and  bla  TEM  were detected in the 110  Salmonella  isolates tested. PMQR genes were not detected in isolates screened. Of 94 third-generation cephalosporin resistant isolates, representing eight serotypes, 48% ( n  = 45) were positive for  bla  CMY–2  only and 50% ( n  = 47) were simultaneously positive for  bla  CMY–2  and  bla  TEM . Two third-generation cephalosporin resistant isolates were tested negative for all β-lactamase genes in our qPCR assay and likely house ESBL genes not screened for by our qPCR assay. A logistic regression model revealed that for serotype Dublin isolates ( n  = 38) the odds ratio for testing positive for  bla  TEM  when compared to all other serotypes was 51.6 (95% CI: 4.01–664.03,  p  = 0.0029). For serotype Typhimurium ( n  = 9) the odds ratio for testing positive for  bla  TEM  when compared to all other serotypes was 43.3 (95% CI: 1.76–1000,  p  = 0.0216). Overall, our results suggest that the prevalence of resistance to cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones due to ESBLs, ACBLs, and PMQR genes present in bovine nontyphoidal  Salmonella enterica  isolates has remained relatively constant in the isolates screened over a 14-year period.

frontiers in microbiology

Detection of Cephalosporin and Fluoroquinolone Resistance Genes via Novel Multiplex qPCR in Fecal Salmonella Isolates From Northern Californian Dairy Cattle, 2002–2016