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The green rice leafhopper,  Nephotettix cincticeps  (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a key insect vector transmitting rice dwarf virus (RDV) that causes rice dwarf disease. We discovered a novel iflavirus from the transcriptomes of  N. cincticeps  and named it as Nephotettix cincticeps positive-stranded RNA virus-1 (NcPSRV-1). The viral genome consists of 10,524 nucleotides excluding the poly(A) tail and contains one predicted open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 3,192 amino acids, flanked by 5' and 3' untranslated regions. NcPSRV-1 has a typical iflavirus genome arrangement and is clustered with the members of the family  Iflaviridae  in the phylogenetic analysis. NcPSRV-1 was detected in all tested tissues and life stages of  N. cincticeps  and could be transmitted horizontally and vertically. Moreover, NcPSRV-1 had high prevalence in the laboratory populations and was widely spread in field populations of  N. cincticeps . NcPSRV-1 could also infect the two-striped leafhopper,  Nephotettix apicalis , at a 3.33% infection rate, but was absent in the zigzag leafhopper,  Recilia dorsalis , and rice  Oryza sativa  variety TN1. The infection of RDV altered the viral load and infection rate of NcPSRV-1 in  N. cincticeps , for which it seems that RDV has an antagonistic effect on NcPSRV-1 infection in the host.

A Novel Iflavirus Was Discovered in Green Rice Leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps and Its Proliferation Was Inhibited by Infection of Rice Dwarf Virus