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Members of the  Bacillus cereus  group are spore-forming organisms commonly associated with food poisoning and intestinal infections. Moreover, some strains of the group (i.e.,  B. cereus  sensu stricto and  Bacillus thuringiensis ) can cause bacteremia in humans, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. Here we performed the genetic characterization of 17 human clinical strains belonging to  B. cereus  group isolated from blood culture. The whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that the isolates were closely related to  B. cereus  sensu stricto and  B. thuringiensis –type strain. Multilocus sequence typing analysis performed on the draft genome revealed the genetic diversity of our isolates, which were assigned to different sequence types. Based on  panC  nucleotide sequence, the isolates were grouped in the phylogenetic groups III and IV. The  NHE ,  cer , and  inhA  gene cluster,  entA ,  entFM ,  plcA , and  plcB , were the most commonly detected virulence genes. Although we did not assess the ability to generate biofilm by phenotypic tests, we verified the prevalence of biofilm associated genes using an  in silico  approach. A high prevalence of  pur  gene cluster,  xerC ,  clpY ,  codY ,  tasA ,  sipW ,  sinI , and  sigB  genes, was found. Genes related to the resistance to penicillin, trimethoprim, and ceftriaxone were identified in most of the isolates. Intriguingly, the majority of these virulence and AMR genes appeared to be evenly distributed among  B. cereus  s.s. isolates, as well as closely related to  B. thuringiensis  isolates. We showed the WGS represents a good approach to rapidly characterize  B. cereus  group strains, being able to give useful information about genetic epidemiology, the presence of virulence and antimicrobial genes, and finally about the potential hazard related to this underestimated risk.

Characterization of Bacillus cereus Group Isolates From Human Bacteremia by Whole-Genome Sequencing