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As close relatives,  Bacillus paralicheniformis  is often wrongly identified as  Bacillus licheniformis . In this study, two genetic markers are presented based on  fenC  and  fenD  from the fengycin operon of  B. paralicheniformis  to rapidly distinguish it from  B. licheniformis . The fengycin operon is one of the few present in  B. paralicheniformis  but absent in  B. lichenformis  up to date. Using these markers, two presumptive  B. paralicheniformis  isolates each were recovered from a set of isolates previously identified as  B. licheniformis  by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) or identified only to genus level as  Bacillus  by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing, respectively. Whole genome sequencing of the four isolates confirmed their identity as  B. paralicheniformis  having the closest similarity with  B. paralicheniformis  ATCC 9945a (GenBank: CP005965.1) with a 7,682 k-mer score and 97.22% Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI). ANI of 100% suggests that the four isolates are highly similar. Further analysis will be necessary to determine if finer differences exist among these isolates at the level of single nucleotide polymorphisms.

Markers to Rapidly Distinguish Bacillus paralicheniformis From the Very Close Relative, Bacillus licheniformis