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Prokaryotes play an important role in biogeochemical cycling in marine ecosystems, but little is known about their diversity and composition, and how they may contribute to the ecological functioning of coastal areas in the South Mediterranean Sea. This study investigated bacterial and archaeal community diversity in seawater samples along the Tunisian coast subject to important physicochemical disturbances. The 16S amplicon sequencing survey revealed higher prokaryotic diversity in the northern Tunisian bays than in southeastern waters (Gulf of Gabès). The major taxonomic groups identified in all samples were  Alphaproteobacteria  (40.9%),  Gammaproteobacteria  (18.7%), Marine Group II  Euryarchaeota  (11.3%), and  Cyanobacteria  (10.9%). Among them, the relative abundance of  Alteromonadales ,  Prochlorococcus , and some clades of  Pelagibacterales  (SAR11) significantly differed between the northern and the southern bays, whereas no difference was observed across coastal waters in the archaeal  Candidatus  Poseidoniales (MGII),  Synechococcus , and  Pelagibacteraceae  (SAR11 clade Ia), for which no relationship was observed with the environmental variables. Both  Pseudoalteromonas  and  Alteromonas  levels increased with the increasing salinity, density and nutrients (NH 4  +  and/or PO 4  3– ) gradients detected toward the southern waters, while the SAR11 clades Ib and IV and  Prochlorococcus , decreased in the shallow, salty and nutrient-rich coastal waters of the Gulf of Gabès.  Rhodobacteraceae  was positively correlated with  Synechococcus  and chlorophyll levels, suggesting a relationship with phytoplankton biomass. The present study provides the first insights into planktonic prokaryotic community composition in the South Mediterranean Sea through the analysis of Tunisian seawaters, which may support further investigations on the role of bacterioplankton in the biogeochemistry of these ecosystems.

Prokaryotic Diversity and Distribution Along Physical and Nutrient Gradients in the Tunisian Coastal Waters (South Mediterranean Sea)