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The fungus “Fuling” has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for more than 2000 years, and its sclerotia have a wide range of biological activities including antitumour, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-aging etc. This prized medicinal mushroom also known as “Hoelen” is resurrected from a piece of pre-Linnean scientific literature. Fries treated it as  Pachyma hoelen  Fr. and mentioned that it was cultivated on pine trees in China. However, this name had been almost forgotten, and  Poria cocos  (syn.  Wolfiporia cocos ), originally described from North America, and known as “Tuckahoe” has been applied to “Fuling” in most publications. Although Merrill mentioned a 100 years ago that Asian  Pachyma hoelen  and North American  P. cocos  are similar but different, no comprehensive taxonomical studies have been carried out on the East Asian  Pachyma hoelen  and its related species. Based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination on both the sclerotia and the basidiocarps which are very seldomly developed, the East Asian samples of  Pachyma hoelen  including sclerotia, commercial strains for cultivation and fruiting bodies, nested in a strongly supported, homogeneous lineage which clearly separated from the lineages of North American  Wolfiporia cocos  and other species. So we confirm that the widely cultivated “Fuling”  Pachyma hoelen  in East Asia is not conspecific with the North American  Wolfiporia cocos . Based on the changes in Art. 59 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the generic name  Pachyma , which was sanctioned by Fries, has nomenclatural priority (ICN, Art. F.3.1), and this name well represents the economically important stage of the generic type. So we propose to use  Pachyma  rather than  Wolfiporia , and subsequently  Pachyma hoelen  and  Pachyma cocos  are the valid names for “Fuling” in East Asia and “Tuckahoe” in North America, respectively. In addition, a new combination,  Pachyma pseudococos , is proposed. Furthermore, it seems that  Pachyma cocos  is a species complex, and that three species exist in North America.

The Genus Pachyma (Syn. Wolfiporia) Reinstated and Species Clarification of the Cultivated Medicinal Mushroom “Fuling” in China