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Microorganisms living in deep-oil reservoirs face extreme conditions of elevated temperature and hydrostatic pressure. Within these microbial communities, members of the order  Thermotogales  are predominant. Among them, the genus  Pseudothermotoga  is widespread in oilfield-produced waters. The growth and cell phenotypes under hydrostatic pressures ranging from 0.1 to 50 MPa of two strains from the same species originating from subsurface,  Pseudothermotoga elfii  DSM9442 isolated from a deep African oil-producing well, and surface,  P. elfii  subsp.  lettingae  isolated from a thermophilic sulfate-reducing bioreactor, environments are reported for the first time. The data support evidence for the piezophilic nature of  P. elfii  DSM9442, with an optimal hydrostatic pressure for growth of 20 MPa and an upper limit of 40 MPa, and the piezotolerance of  P. elfii  subsp.  lettingae  with growth occurring up to 20 MPa only. Under the experimental conditions, both strains produce mostly acetate and propionate as volatile fatty acids with slight variations with respect to the hydrostatic pressure for  P. elfii  DSM9442. The data show that the metabolism of  P. elfii  DSM9442 is optimized when grown at 20 MPa, in agreement with its piezophilic nature. Both  Pseudothermotoga  strains form chained cells when the hydrostatic pressure increases, especially  P. elfii  DSM9442 for which 44% of cells is chained when grown at 40 MPa. The viability of the chained cells increases with the increase in the hydrostatic pressure, indicating that chain formation is a protective mechanism for  P. elfii  DSM9442.

frontiers in microbiology

Responses to the Hydrostatic Pressure of Surface and Subsurface Strains of Pseudothermotoga elfii Revealing the Piezophilic Nature of the Strain Originating From an Oil-Producing Well