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Biohydrometallurgy is believed to be a promising future study field for the recovery of lead (Pb) from ores/concentrates since the pyrometallurgical/hydrometallurgical processes have been largely applied to recover Pb to date, which operates at high temperature and generates volatile Pb matters that are hazardous and carcinogenic to human health. Hence, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the biohydrometallurgical extraction of Pb from the Indonesian galena concentrate through bioleaching using an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing mixotrophic bacterium (identified as  Citrobacter  sp.). The bioleaching experiments were conducted in shake flasks containing the modified LB broth medium supplemented with galena concentrate with a particle size of  d  80  = 75 μm at room temperature. Both semi-direct and direct bioleaching methods were employed in this study. The bacterium was able to extract lead (Pb) from galena concentrate with high selectivity to Cu and Zn (0.99 and 0.86, respectively). The highest extraction level of 90 g lead dissolved/kg galena concentrate was achieved using direct bioleaching method at bioleaching conditions of 2%  w/v  pulp density, 5 g/L FeCl 3 , 50 g/L NaCl, 20 g/L molasses and a rotation speed of 180 rpm at room temperature (25°C). The addition of FeCl 3 , NaCl, and molasses increased the lead leaching efficiencies, which were also evidenced by the FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDS analyses. From industrial and commercial standpoints, the selective bioleaching represented in this study may be beneficial to the development of lead leaching from sulfide minerals, since insoluble anglesite (PbSO 4 ) precipitates are formed during ferric sulfate oxidation, thus making the recovery of lead through bioleaching unpractical.

Bioleaching of Indonesian Galena Concentrate With an Iron- and Sulfur-Oxidizing Mixotrophic Bacterium at Room Temperature