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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) not only enhance plant growth but also control phytopathogens and mitigate abiotic stresses, including water-deficit stress. In this study, 21 (26.9%) rhizobacterial strains isolated from drought-prone ecosystems of Bangladesh were able to form air–liquid (AL) biofilms in the glass test tubes containing salt-optimized broth plus glycerol (SOBG) medium. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing,  Pseudomonas chlororaphis  (ESR3 and ESR15),  P. azotoformans  ESR4,  P. poae  ESR6,  P. fluorescens  (ESR7 and ESR25),  P. gessardii  ESR9,  P. cedrina  (ESR12, ESR16, and ESR23),  P. veronii  (ESR13 and ESR21),  P. parafulva  ESB18,  Stenotrophomonas maltophilia  ESR20,  Bacillus cereus  (ESD3, ESD21, and ESB22),  B. horikoshii  ESD16,  B. aryabhattai  ESB6,  B. megaterium  ESB9, and  Staphylococcus saprophyticus  ESD8 were identified. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed that the biofilm matrices contain proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and lipids. Congo red binding results indicated that these bacteria produced curli fimbriae and nanocellulose-rich polysaccharides. Expression of nanocellulose was also confirmed by Calcofluor binding assays and scanning electron microscopy.  In vitro  studies revealed that all these rhizobacterial strains expressed multiple plant growth-promoting traits including N 2  fixation, production of indole-3-acetic acid, solubilization of nutrients (P, K, and Zn), and production of ammonia, siderophores, ACC deaminase, catalases, lipases, cellulases, and proteases. Several bacteria were also tolerant to multifarious stresses such as drought, high temperature, extreme pH, and salinity. Among these rhizobacteria,  P. cedrina  ESR12,  P. chlororaphis  ESR15, and  B. cereus  ESD3 impeded the growth of  Xanthomonas campestris  pv.  campestris  ATCC 33913, while  P. chlororaphis  ESR15 and  B. cereus  ESD21 prevented the progression of  Ralstonia solanacearum  ATCC ®  11696 TM . In a pot experiment, tomato plants inoculated with  P. azotoformans  ESR4,  P. poae  ESR6,  P. gessardii  ESR9,  P. cedrina  ESR12,  P. chlororaphis  ESR15,  S. maltophilia  ESR20,  P. veronii  ESR21, and  B. aryabhattai  ESB6 exhibited an increased plant growth compared to the non-inoculated plants under water deficit-stressed conditions. Accordingly, the bacterial-treated plants showed a higher antioxidant defense system and a fewer tissue damages than non-inoculated plants under water-limiting conditions. Therefore, biofilm-producing PGPR can be utilized as plant growth promoters, suppressors of plant pathogens, and alleviators of water-deficit stress.

Biofilm Producing Rhizobacteria With Multiple Plant Growth-Promoting Traits Promote Growth of Tomato Under Water-Deficit Stress