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Effective artificial microbial consortia containing microorganisms with desired biological functions have the potential to optimize the lignocellulose-based bioindustry.  Thermobifida fusca  was a dominant actinobacterium in high-temperature corn stalk composts, but it was unable to grow alone in corn stalk solid medium. Interestingly,  T. fusca  showed good growth and secreted enzymes when cocultured with  Thermomyces lanuginosus .  T. lanuginosus  grew firstly during the initial stage, whereas  T. fusca  dominated the system subsequently during cocultivation. The secretome indicated that  T. lanuginosus  mainly degraded xylan by expressing a GH11 xylanase (g4601.t1, GenBank AAB94633.1; with relative secretion of 4.95 ± 0.65%).  T. fusca  was induced by xylan mainly to secrete a xylanase from GH11 family (W8GGR4, GenBank AHK22788.1; with relative secretion of 8.71 ± 3.83%) which could rapidly degrade xylan to xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) and xylose within 2 min, while high concentrations (>0.5%, w/v) of XOS or xylose suppressed the growth of  T. fusca ; which may be the reason why  T. fusca  unable to grow alone in corn stalk solid medium. However,  T. lanuginosus  could utilize the XOS and xylose produced by xylanases secreted by  T. fusca . During the synergistic degradation of lignocellulose by  T. lanuginosus  and  T. fusca , xylan was rapidly consumed by  T. lanuginosus , the residual cellulose could specifically induced  T. fusca  to express a GH10 xylanase with a CBM2 domain (Q47KR6, GenBank AAZ56956.1; with relative secretion of 5.03 ± 1.33%) and 6 cellulases (2 exocellulases and 4 endocellulases). Moreover,  T. lanuginosus  increased the secretion of cellulases from  T. fusca  by 19–25%. The order of  T. lanuginosus  and  T. fusca  was consistent with the multilayered structures of lignocellulose and could be regulated by different concentrations of XOS and xylose. The novel synergism of  T. lanuginosus  and  T. fusca  gave a new sight for revealing more synergetic relationships in natural environments and exploring efficient microbial inoculants and enzyme cocktails for lignocellulose degradation.

frontiers in microbiology

Novel Synergistic Mechanism for Lignocellulose Degradation by a Thermophilic Filamentous Fungus and a Thermophilic Actinobacterium Based on Functional Proteomics