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Ferredoxins are iron–sulfur proteins essential for a wide range of organisms because they are an electron transfer mediator involved in multiple metabolic pathways. In phytoplankton, these proteins are active in the mature chloroplasts, but the  petF  gene, encoding for ferredoxin, has been found either to be in the chloroplast genome or transferred to the nuclear genome as observed in the green algae and higher plant lineage. We experimentally determined the location of the  petF  gene in 12 strains of  Thalassiosira  covering three species using DNA sequencing and qPCR assays. The results showed that  petF  gene is located in the nuclear genome of all confirmed  Thalassiosira oceanica  strains (CCMP0999, 1001, 1005, and 1006) tested. In contrast, all  Thalassiosira pseudonana  (CCMP1012, 1013, 1014, and 1335) and  Thalassiosira weissflogii  (CCMP1010, 1049, and 1052) strains studied retained the gene in the chloroplast genome, as generally observed for Bacillariophyceae. Our evolutionary analyses further extend the dataset on the localization of the  petF  gene in the Thalassiosirales. The realization that the  petF  gene is nuclear-encoded in the  Skeletonema  genus allowed us to trace the  petF  gene transfer back to a single event that occurred within the paraphyletic genus  Thalassiosira . Phylogenetic analyses revealed the need to reassess the taxonomic assignment of the  Thalassiosira  strain CCMP1616, since the genes used in our study did not cluster within the  T .  oceanica  lineage. Our results suggest that this strains’ diversification occurred prior to the ferredoxin gene transfer event. The functional transfer of  petF  genes provides insight into the evolutionary processes leading to chloroplast genome reduction and suggests ecological adaptation as a driving force for such chloroplast to nuclear gene transfer.

The Transfer of the Ferredoxin Gene From the Chloroplast to the Nuclear Genome Is Ancient Within the Paraphyletic Genus Thalassiosira