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Our objective was to study the bacterial community changes that determine enhanced removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from soils subjected to bioaugmentation with the hydrocarbon-degrading strains  Rhodococcus erythropolis  CD 130, CD 167, and their combination. To achieve this, a high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed. The changes in the bacterial community composition were most apparent the day after bacterial inoculation. These changes represented an increase in the percentage abundance of  Rhodococcus  and  Pseudomonas  genera. Surprisingly, members of the  Rhodococcus  genus were not present after day 91. At the end of the experiment, the bacterial communities from the CD 130, CD 167, and control soils had a similar structure. Nevertheless, the composition of the bacteria in the CD 130 + CD 167 soil was still distinct from the control. Metagenomic predictions from the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the introduction of bacteria had a significant influence on the predicted pathways (metabolism of xenobiotics, lipids, terpenoids, polyketides, and amino acids) on day one. On day 182, differences in the abundance of functional pathways were also detected in the CD 130 and CD 130 + CD 167 soils. Additionally, we observed that on day one, in all bioaugmented soils, the  alkH  gene was mainly contributed by the  Rhodococcus  and  Mycobacterium  genera, whereas in non-treated soil, this gene was contributed only by the  Mycobacterium  genus. Interestingly, from day 91, the  Mycobacterium  genus was the main contributor for the tested genes in all studied soils. Our results showed that hydrocarbon depletion from the analyzed soils resulted from the activity of the autochthonous bacteria. However, these changes in the composition and function of the indigenous bacterial community occurred under the influence of the introduced bacteria.

Metagenomic Functional Profiling Reveals Differences in Bacterial Composition and Function During Bioaugmentation of Aged Petroleum-Contaminated Soil