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The anaerobic degradation of aniline was studied in the sulfate-reducing bacterium  Desulfatiglans anilini . Our aim was to identify the genes and their proteins that are required for the initial activation of aniline as well as to characterize intermediates of this reaction. Aniline-induced genes were revealed by comparison of the proteomes of  D. anilini  grown with different substrates (aniline, 4-aminobenzoate, phenol, and benzoate). Most genes encoding proteins that were highly abundant in aniline- or 4-aminobenzoate-grown  D. anilini  cells but not in phenol- or benzoate-grown cells were located in the putative gene clusters  ani  (aniline degradation),  hcr  (4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase) and  phe  (phenol degradation). Of these putative gene clusters, only the  phe  gene cluster has been studied previously. Based on the differential proteome analysis, four candidate genes coding for kinase subunits and carboxylase subunits were suspected to be responsible for the initial conversion of aniline to 4-aminobenzoate. These genes were cloned and overproduced in  E. coli . The recombinant proteins were obtained in inclusion bodies but could be refolded successfully. Two subunits of phenylphosphoamidate synthase and two carboxylase subunits converted aniline to 4-aminobenzoate with phenylphosphoamidate as intermediate under consumption of ATP. Only when both carboxylase subunits, one from gene cluster  ani  and the other from gene cluster  phe , were combined, phenylphosphoamidate was converted to 4-aminobenzoate in vitro, with Mn 2+ , K + , and FMN as co-factors. Thus, aniline is degraded by the anaerobic bacterium  D. anilini  only by recruiting genes for the enzymatic machinery from different gene clusters. We conclude, that  D. anilini  carboxylates aniline to 4-aminobenzoate via phenylphosphoamidate as an energy rich intermediate analogous to the degradation of phenol to 4-hydroxybenzoate via phenylphosphate.

frontiers in microbiology

Desulfatiglans anilini Initiates Degradation of Aniline With the Production of Phenylphosphoamidate and 4-Aminobenzoate as Intermediates Through Synthases and Carboxylases From Different Gene Clusters