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Dermatomycoses include superficial fungal infections of the skin and its appendages.  Trichophyton rubrum ,  Candida albicans , and  Candida parapsilosis  are some of the most prevalent species that cause dermatomycoses. Several studies show a variable predominance of  Candida  spp. in relation to dermatophytes, especially in onychomycosis and the possibility of isolating both from the same site. The ability of dermatophytes to form biofilms recently been explored and there is currently no evidence on the involvement of these filamentous fungi in multi-species biofilms. Thus, this study aims to investigate the probable dual-species interaction between  T. rubrum  and  C. albicans  and  T. rubrum  and  C. parapsilosis  biofilms, considering variable formation conditions, as well as the susceptibility of these dual-species biofilms against terbinafine and efinaconazole. Three conditions of formation of dual-species biofilms were tested: (a) the suspensions of  T. rubrum  and  Candida albicans  or  C. parapsilosis  placed together; (b) suspensions of  C. albicans  and  C. parapsilosis  added the pre-adhesion of  T. rubrum  biofilms; (c) after the maturation of  T. rubrum  sessile cells. In the first and second conditions, the quantification of metabolic activities, biomass, and polysaccharide materials of mixed biofilms tended to resemble  Candida  monospecies biofilms. In the third condition, the profiles were modified after the addition of  Candida , suggesting that  T. rubrum  biofilms served as substrate for the development of  Candida  biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy showed  Candida  predominance, however, numerous blastoconidia were noted, most evident in the conditions under which  Candida  was added after the pre-adhesion and maturation of  T. rubrum  biofilms. Despite the predominance of  Candida , the presence of  T. rubrum  appears to inhibit  C. albicans  filamentation and  C. parapsilosis  development, confirming an antagonistic interaction. Fungal burden assays performed when the biofilms were formed together confirmed  Candida  predominance, as well as susceptibility to antifungals. Further studies will be needed to identify the components of the  Candida  and  T. rubrum  biofilm supernatants responsible for inhibiting dermatophyte growth and  C. albicans  filamentation.

A Two-Way Road: Antagonistic Interaction Between Dual-Species Biofilms Formed by Candida albicans/Candida parapsilosis and Trichophyton rubrum