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Zymoseptoria tritici  is one of the most economically destructive wheat diseases all over the world and is a model fungal plant pathogen within the ascomycetes. In this study, the instrumental role of the  ZtRlm1  gene encoding a MADS-box transcription factor (TF) in the infection process of  Z. tritici  was functionally characterized as these proteins play critical roles in the global gene regulation required for various developmental and physiological processes. Our infection assays showed that  ZtRlm1  mutants were attenuated in disease development as a 30 and 90% reduction in chloro-necrotic lesions and pycnidia formation, respectively, were observed in plants inoculated with  ZtRlm1  mutant strains demonstrating that  ZtRlm1  is a crucial factor playing a significant role in the late stage of infection corresponding with pycnidial formation. Our expression analysis demonstrated that the transcript level of  ZtRlm1  is induced at 2 and 20 days post-inoculation, coinciding with pycnidial sporulation. In addition, microscopic analyses showed that branch intensity and biomass production were significantly reduced, indicating that impaired pycnidia formation is a result of impaired differentiation and biomass production in the  ZtRlm1  mutants. Furthermore, melanization, a phenomenon required for fruiting body formation, was significantly hampered in  ZtRlm1  mutants as they were not melanized under all tested temperature and media conditions. Overall, our data showed that impaired disease development of the  ZtRlm1  mutants is mainly due to the significant impact of  ZtRlm1  in different cellular processes, including differentiation, branching, fungal biomass production, and melanization, in which identification of downstream genes are of interest to increase our understanding of this pathosystem.

MADS-Box Transcription Factor ZtRlm1 Is Responsible for Virulence and Development of the Fungal Wheat Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici