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There is grave necessity to counter the menace of drug-resistant biofilms of pathogens using nanomaterials. Moreover, we need to produce nanoparticles (NPs) using inexpensive clean biological approaches that demonstrate broad-spectrum inhibition of microbial biofilms and cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell lines. In the current research work, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) NPs were fabricated through an environmentally friendly green process using the root extract of  Withania somnifera  as the stabilizing and reducing agent to examine its antibiofilm and anticancer potential. Further, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron micrograph (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used for determining the crystallinity, functional groups involved, shape, size, thermal behavior, surface area, and porosity measurement, respectively, of the synthesized TiO 2  NPs. Antimicrobial potential of the TiO 2  NPs was determined by evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against  Escherichia coli ,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa , methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus ,  Listeria monocytogenes ,  Serratia marcescens , and  Candida albicans . Furthermore, at levels below the MIC (0.5 × MIC), TiO 2  NPs demonstrated significant inhibition of biofilm formation (43–71%) and mature biofilms (24–64%) in all test pathogens. Cell death due to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could be responsible for the impaired biofilm production in TiO 2  NP–treated pathogens. The synthesized NPs induced considerable reduction in the viability of HepG2  in vitro  and could prove effective in controlling liver cancer. In summary, the green synthesized TiO 2  NPs demonstrate multifarious biological properties and could be used as an anti-infective agent to treat biofilm-based infections and cancer.

frontiers in microbiology

Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of Porous Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles From Withania somnifera Root Extract: Broad-Spectrum Attenuation of Biofilm and Cytotoxic Properties Against HepG2 Cell Lines