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A range of studies showed probiotics like  Streptococcus oligofermentans  and  Limosilactobacillus reuteri  to inhibit the cariogenic activity and survival of  Streptococcus mutans , possibly via the production of substances like H 2 O 2 , reuterin, ammonia and organic acids. We aimed to assess the environment-specific mechanisms underlying this inhibition. We cultured  L. reuteri  and  S. oligofermentans  in various environments; minimal medium (MM), MM containing glucose (MM+Glu), glycerol (MM+Gly), lactic acid (MM+Lac), arginine (MM+Arg) and all four substances (MM+all)  in vitro . Culture supernatants were obtained and metabolite concentrations (reuterin, ammonia, H 2 O 2 , lactate) measured.  S. mutans  was similarly cultivated in the above six different MM variation media, with glucose being additionally added to the MM+Gly, MM+Lac, and MM+Arg group, with (test groups) and without (control groups) the addition of the supernatants of the described probiotic cultures. Lactate production by  S. mutans  was measured and its survival (as colony-forming-units/mL) assessed.  L. reuteri  environment-specifically produced reuterin, H 2 O 2 , ammonia and lactate, as did  S. oligofermentans . When cultured in  S. oligofermentans  supernatants, lactate production by  S. mutans  was significantly reduced ( p  < 0.01), especially in MM+Lac+Glu and MM+all, with no detectable lactate production at all (controls means ± SD: 4.46 ± 0.41 mM and 6.00 ± 0.29 mM, respectively,  p  < 0.001). A similar reduction in lactate production was found when  S. mutans  was cultured in  L. reuteri  supernatants ( p  < 0.05) for all groups except MM+Lac+Glu. Survival of  S. mutans  cultured in  S. oligofermentans  supernatants in MM+Lac+Glu and MM+all was significantly reduced by 0.6-log 10  and 0.5-log 10 , respectively. Treatment with the supernatant of  L. reuteri  resulted in a reduction in the viability of  S. mutans  in MM+Gly+Glu and MM+all by 6.1-log 10  and 7.1-log 10 , respectively. Probiotic effects on the metabolic activity and survival of  S. mutans  were environment-specific through different pathways.

Environment-Specific Probiotic Supernatants Modify the Metabolic Activity and Survival of Streptococcus mutans in vitro