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The biofloc system is a relatively new aquaculture technology that offers practical solution to maintain culture water quality by recycling nutrients and improves the health status and resistance of shrimps against microbial infection, yet the mode of action involved remains unclear. This study aimed to unravel the underlying mechanism behind the protective effect of a biofloc system using  Litopenaeus vannamei  and acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)-causing  Vibrio parahaemolyticus  M0904 strain as a host-pathogen model. The results showed that a biofloc system maintained at a C/N ratio of 15, improves the water quality and contributes to the nutrition of cultured animals as bioflocs might serve as an additional protein source. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the biofloc system enhances the survival of  L. vannamei  upon challenge with a  V. parahaemolyticus  AHPND strain. Remarkably, the results highlight that in the biofloc system, AHPND-causing  V. parahaemolyticus  possibly switch from free-living virulent planktonic phenotype to a non-virulent biofilm phenotype, as demonstrated by a decreased transcription of flagella-related motility genes ( flaA ,  CheR , and  fliS ), Pir toxin ( PirB   VP  ), and AHPND plasmid genes ( ORF14 ) and increased expression of the phenotype switching marker  AlkPhoX  gene in both  in vitro  and  in vivo  conditions. Taken together, results suggest that biofloc steer phenotype switching, contributing to the decreased virulence of  V. parahaemolyticus  AHPND strain toward shrimp postlarvae. This information reinforces our understanding about AHPND in a biofloc setting and opens the possibility to combat AHPND not only by trying to eliminate the AHPND-causing  V. parahaemolyticus  from the system but rather to steer the phenotypic switch.

frontiers in microbiology

Biofloc-Based Enhanced Survival of Litopenaeus vannamei Upon AHPND-Causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus Challenge Is Partially Mediated by Reduced Expression of Its Virulence Genes