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Due to the adverse effect on the environment caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizers, the development of sustainable agriculture attracts a growing demand of biological based fertilizers composed of living microorganisms. In this study, an Actinobacteria  Streptomyces lydicus  M01 was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of  Pyrus calleryana . This strain effectively promoted the plant growth and suppressed a foliar disease caused by  Alternaria alternata  on cucumbers.  S. lydicus  M01 exhibited growth promoting characteristics such as phosphate solubilization, IAA secretion, siderophore and ACC deaminase production. Through Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS gene of the soil microbes, we found that the application of  S. lydicus  M01 altered the composition of the microbial community by promoting beneficial groups, including bacteria genera  Pseudarthrobacter ,  Sphingomonas ,  Rhodanobacter , and  Pseudomonas , fungi genera  Fusicolla ,  Humicola ,  Solicoccozyma , and  Paraphaeosphaeria . Most of these bacteria and eukaryotes exhibit positive effects on growth promotion, such as nutrient accumulation, auxin secretion, abiotic stress alleviation, biological control, or bioremediation. Furthermore, studies on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and antioxidants of cucumber leaves revealed that  S. lydicus  M01 treatment reduced the ROS accumulation and increased the activities of antioxidases related with ROS scavenging, which indicated an enhanced disease resistance of cucumbers under biotic stress. Thus, our results suggest that the application of  S. lydicus  M01 can systemically affect plant microbiome interactions and represent a promising sustainable solution to improve agricultural production instead of chemical fertilizers.

Streptomyces lydicus M01 Regulates Soil Microbial Community and Alleviates Foliar Disease Caused by Alternaria alternata on Cucumbers