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The study examined the efficacy of using bacteriophage as an additive in a cooked-meat model system to control growth of contaminating  Listeria monocytogenes  during subsequent storage. Studies were designed where  Listeria  bacteriophage A511 and  L. monocytogenes  introduced inside or on the surface of the cooked-meat to simulate different bacteriophage application and pathogen contamination scenarios. These scenarios include: (1) A511 and  L. monocytogenes  in meat; (2) A511 in meat,  L. monocytogenes  on surface; (3)  L. monocytogenes  in meat, A511 on surface; and (4)  L. monocytogenes  followed by A511 on meat surface. Real world bacteriophage application and pathogen contamination levels of 10 9  PFU/g and 10 3−4  CFU/g, respectively, were used. These meats were then vacuum packaged and stored at 4°C and changes in A511 titers and  L. monocytogenes  numbers were enumerated during the 28-day storage. Under the conditions tested, application of A511 directly on top of  L. monocytogenes  contaminating the surface of the meat was the only scenario where  L. monocytogenes  numbers were reduced to below detection limits and remained significantly lower than the controls for up to 20 days. Although A511 titers remained stable when applied as an additive in meat, they were not successful in controlling growth of the contaminating  L. monocytogenes  (present inside or on surface of meat). Similarly, application of A511 on the surface of the meat could not control growth of  L. monocytogenes  present inside the meat.  L. monocytogenes  numbers increased from the initial 3-log CFU/g to 9-log CFU/g similar to the controls by the end of the 28-day storage. These results suggest that bacteriophages are effective in controlling growth of surface contaminating bacteria only when applied directly onto the surface of the contaminated food product, and are ineffective as a biocontrol agent when used as an additive.

frontiers in microbiology

Examination of the Use of Bacteriophage as an Additive and Determining Its Best Application Method to Control Listeria monocytogenes in a Cooked-Meat Model System