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Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can promote the level of plant-absorbable phosphorus (P) in agro-ecosystems. However, little attention has been paid to PSB harboring abilities in utilizing multiple phosphorus sources and their potentials for heavy metal immobilization. In this study, we applied the strategy of stepwise acclimation by using Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , phytate, FePO 4 , and AlPO 4  as sole P source. We gained 18 PSB possessing abilities of multiple P sources utilization, and these bacteria belonged to eight genera ( Acinetobacter ,  Pseudomonas ,  Massilia, Bacillus ,  Arthrobacter ,  Stenotrophomonas ,  Ochrobactrum , and  Cupriavidus ), and clustered to two apparent parts: Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. The isolate of  Acinetobacter pittii  gp-1 presented good performance for utilizing Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , FePO 4 , AlPO 4 , and phytate, with corresponding P solubilizing levels were 250.77, 46.10, 81.99, and 7.91 mg/L PO 4  3– -P, respectively. The PSB  A. pittii  gp-1 exhibited good performance for solubilizing tricalcium phosphate in soil incubation experiments, with the highest values of water soluble P and available P were 0.80 and 1.64 mg/L, respectively. Additionally, the addition of  A. pittii  gp-1 could promote the immobilization of lead (Pb), and the highest Pb immobilization efficiency reached 23%. Simultaneously, we found the increases in abundances of both alkaline phosphatase gene ( phoD ) and β-propeller phytase gene ( bpp ) in strain gp-1 added soils. Besides, we observed the expression up-regulation of both pyrroloquinoline quinone gene ( pqq ) and polyphosphate kinases gene  (ppk ), with the highest relative expression levels of 18.18 and 5.23, respectively. We also found the polyphosphate particles using granule staining. To our knowledge, our findings first suggest that the solubilizing of tricalcium phosphate by phosphorus solubilizing bacterium belonging to  Acinetobacter  is coupled with the synthesis of polyphosphate. Taken together,  A. pittii  gp-1 could be a good candidate in improving soil fertility and quality.

frontiers in microbiology

Isolation and Characterization of Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria With Multiple Phosphorus Sources Utilizing Capability and Their Potential for Lead Immobilization in Soil