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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by rhizobacteria have been proven to stimulate plant growth during germination and seedling stages. However, the modulating effect of bacterial volatiles on the germination of seeds subjected to heavy metal stress is scarcely studied. In this work, the ability of volatiles released by  Bacillus  sp. MH778713 to induce seed dormancy breakage in  Prosopis laevigata  and  Arabidopsis thaliana  seeds were examined. The minimal inhibitory concentration of chromium (Cr) VI that prevents seed germination of  P. laevigata  and  A. thaliana  on water-Cr-agar plates was 2500 and 100 mg L –1 , respectively. Remarkably, partitioned Petri-dish co-cultivation of  Bacillus  sp. MH778713 and plant seeds under Cr-stress showed the beneficial effect of volatiles emitted by  Bacillus  sp. MH778713, helping plant seeds to overcome Cr-stress. Among the metabolites emitted by  Bacillus  sp. MH778713, octadecane, heneicosane, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, hexadecane, eicosane, octacosane, and tetratriacontane were the most abundant. To confirm that these long-chain compounds produced by  Bacillus  sp. MH778713 could be responsible for the seed dormancy breakage, high pure organic compounds (2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, heneicosane, hentriacontane, and tetracosane) were used directly in germination assays of  P. laevigata  and  A. thaliana  seeds instead of volatiles emitted by  Bacillus  sp. MH778713. All organic compounds allowed  Prosopis  and  Arabidopsis  seeds to overcome Cr-toxicity and germinate. The results of this study provide new insight into the role of long-chain bacterial compounds produced by  Bacillus  sp. MH778713 as triggers of seed abiotic stress tolerance, surmounting chromium stress and stimulating seedling development.

Long-Chain Hydrocarbons (C21, C24, and C31) Released by Bacillus sp. MH778713 Break Dormancy of Mesquite Seeds Subjected to Chromium Stress