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Human milk is closely correlated with infant gut microbiota and is important for infant development. However, most infants receive exclusively insufficient breast milk, and the discordance between effects of commercial formula and human milk exists. To elucidate the differences induced by various feeding methods, we determined microbiota and metabolites composition in fecal samples from 77 healthy infants in Northeast China and identified the differences in various feeding methods. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that the fecal samples of exclusively breastfed (BF) infants were abundant in  Bifidobacterium  and  Lactobacillus ; the mixed-fed (MF) infants had the highest abundance of  Veillonella  and  Klebsiella ; the exclusively formula-fed (FF) infants were enriched in  Bacteroides  and  Blautia ; and the complementary food-fed (CF) infants were associated with higher relative abundance of  Lachnoclostridium  and  Akkermansia . Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics data revealed that the fecal samples of BF infants had the highest abundance of  dl -citrulline, threonine,  l -proline,  l -glutamine, guanine, and  l -arginine; the MF infants were abundant in  d -maltose, stearidonic acid, capric acid, and myristic acid; the FF infants were enriched in itaconic acid, 4-pyridoxic acid, prostaglandin B2, thymine,  dl -α-hydroxybutyric acid, and orotic acid; and the CF infants were associated with higher relative abundance of taurine,  l -tyrosine, adenine, and uric acid. Furthermore, compared with the BF infants, the MF and FF infants were more abundant in fatty acid biosynthesis. Collectively, these findings will provide probable explanations for some of the risks and benefits related to infant feeding methods and will support a theoretical basis for the development of infant formula.

Distinct Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Profiles Induced by Different Feeding Methods in Healthy Chinese Infants