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This study was aimed to investigate the effects of  Clostridium butyricum  ( C. butyricum ) immunity and intestinal epithelial barrier function at the intestinal mucosal level, by using  Salmonella  enteritidis ( S.  enteritidis) to infect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). We found that  C. butyricum  could decrease cytokine levels (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α) via the TLR4-, MyD88-, and NF-κB-dependent pathways in intestinal tissues and intestinal epithelial cells. Additionally,  C. butyricum  could attenuate bacteria-induced intestinal damage and increase the expression level of muc-2 and ZO-1 in the intestine and intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore,  C. butyricum  altered the intestinal microbial composition, increased the diversity of the bacterial communities in the cecum of  Salmonella -infected chickens. In conclusion,  C. butyricum  effectively attenuated inflammation and epithelial barrier damage, altered the intestinal microbial composition, increased the diversity of the bacterial communities in the intestine of  Salmonella -infected chickens. The result suggests that  C. butyricum  might be an effective and safe therapy for the treatment of  Salmonella  infection.

frontiers in microbiology

Clostridium butyricum Ameliorates Salmonella Enteritis Induced Inflammation by Enhancing and Improving Immunity of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier at the Intestinal Mucosal Level