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In its native environment of rotting vegetation, the soil nematode  Caenorhabditis elegans  encounters a range of bacteria. This includes species from the ESKAPE group of pathogens that pose a clinical problem in acquired hospital infections. Here, we investigated three Gram-negative members of the ESKAPE group,  Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,  Klebsiella pneumoniae , and  Acinetobacter baumannii . Pathogenicity profiles as measured by time to kill adult  C. elegans  showed that  P. aeruginosa  was the most pathogenic, followed by  K. pneumoniae , while  C. elegans  cultured on  A. baumannii  exhibited the same survival as those on the standard laboratory food source for  C. elegans ,  Escherichia coli  OP50. The pathogenicity was paralleled by a reduction in time that  C. elegans  resided on the bacterial lawn with the most pathogenic strains triggering an increase in the frequency of food-leaving. Previous reports indicate that gut colonization is a feature of pathogenicity, but we found that the most pathogenic strains were not associated with the highest level of colonization. Indeed, clearance of  P. aeruginosa  strains from the  C. elegans  gut was independent of bacterial pathogenicity. We show that this clearance is regulated by neuromodulation as  C. elegans  mutants in  unc-31  and  egl-3  have enhanced clearance of  P. aeruginosa . Intriguingly this is also not linked to their pathogenicity. It is likely that there is a dynamic balance occurring in the  C. elegans  intestinal environment between maintaining a healthy, beneficial microbiota and removal of pathogenic bacteria.

frontiers in microbiology

Intra Strain Variation of the Effects of Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens on Intestinal Colonization, Host Viability, and Host Response in the Model Organism Caenorhabditis elegans