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Fungal sexual development requires the involvement of a large number of functional genes. Fungal genes encoding sexual differentiation process proteins ( SDPs ),  isps , have been known for decades.  isp4 / SDP  and its homologs function as oligopeptide transporters (OPTs), yet their roles in reproduction are unknown. Here, we genetically analyzed all four  isp4/SDP  homologs in the sexual species  Chaetomium thermophilum  and asexual species  Thermomyces lanuginosus.  Using single gene deletion mutants, we found that  T. lanuginosus SDP  ( TlSDP ) participated in asexual sporulation, whereas the other homologs participated in sexual morphogenesis. In complementary tests,  C. thermophilum SDPs (CtSDP1 - 3)  restored sporulation defects in  TlSDP  deletion strains (Δ TlSDP ), and their translated proteins, which were localized onto the cytomembrane, possessed OPT activity. Interestingly,  CtSDP2  accumulated at the top of the hyphae played a distinct role in determining the sexual cycle, glutathione transport, and lifespan shortening. A unique 72nt-insertion fragment (72INS) was discovered in  CtSDP2 . Biological analysis of the 72INS deletion and DsRED-tagged fusion strains implied the involvement of 72INS in fungal growth and development. In contrast to  TlSDP , which only contributes to conidial production, the three  CtSDP s play important roles in sexual and asexual reproduction, and  CtSDP2  harbors a unique functional 72INS that initiates sexual morphogenesis.

frontiers in microbiology

Genetic Analysis of Four Sexual Differentiation Process Proteins (isp4/SDPs) in Chaetomium thermophilum and Thermomyces lanuginosus Reveals Their Distinct Roles in Development