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We aimed to analyze the strain-by-strain expression of a large panel of antimicrobial activities counteracting the virulence mechanisms of bacterial vaginosis-associated  Prevotella bivia  CI-1 and  Gardnerella vaginalis  594, pyelonephritis-associated  Escherichia coli  CFT073, and recurrent cystitis- and preterm labor-associated IH11128  E. coli  by  Lactobacillus gasseri  and  Lactobacillus crispatus  clinical strains, and  L. gasseri  ATCC 9857 and KS 120.1, and  L. crispatus  CTV-05 strains isolated from the cervicovaginal microbiota of healthy women. All  L. gasseri  and  L. crispatus  strains exerted antimicrobial activity by secreted lactic acid, which killed the microbial pathogens by direct contact. Potent bactericidal activity was exerted by a very limited number of resident  L. gasseri  and  L. crispatus  strains showing the specific ability to a strain to produce and release antibiotic-like compounds. These compounds eradicated the microbial pathogens pre-associated with the surface of cervix epithelial cells, providing efficient protection of the cells against the deleterious effects triggered by toxin-producing  G. vaginalis  and uropathogenic  E. coli . Furthermore, these compounds crossed the cell membrane to kill the pre-internalized microbial pathogens. In addition, all  L. gasseri  and  L. crispatus  cells exhibited another non-strain specific activity which inhibited the association of microbial pathogens with cervix epithelial cells with varying efficiency, partially protecting the cells against lysis and detachment triggered by toxin-producing  G. vaginalis  and uropathogenic  E. coli . Our results provide evidence of strain-level specificity for certain antimicrobial properties among cervicovaginal  L. gasseri  and  L. crispatus  strains, indicating that the presence of a particular species in the vaginal microbiota is not sufficient to determine its benefit to the host. A full repertory of antimicrobial properties should be evaluated in choosing vaginal microbiota-associated  Lactobacillus  isolates for the development of live biotherapeutic strategies.

frontiers in microbiology

Diverse Expression of Antimicrobial Activities Against Bacterial Vaginosis and Urinary Tract Infection Pathogens by Cervicovaginal Microbiota Strains of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus