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Staphylococcus aureus  is one of the major causes of nosocomial infections. This organism produces powerful toxins and cause superficial lesions, systemic infections, and several toxemic syndromes. A total of 109  S. aureus  strains isolated from a variety of infections like ocular diseases, wound infection, and sputum were included in the study. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined against 8 antimicrobials. PCR determined the presence of 16S rRNA,  nuc ,  mecA , czrC,  qacA/B ,  pvl , and toxin genes in  S. aureus  isolates. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), SCC mec ,  spa- , and  agr -typing and serotyping determined the diversity among them. All isolates of  S. aureus  were resistant to two or more than two antibiotics and generated 32 resistance patterns. These isolates were positive for 16S rRNA and  S. aureus -specific  nuc  gene, but showed variable results for  mecA ,  czrC , and qacA/B and  pvl  genes. Of the 32 methicillin-resistant  S. aureus  (MRSA), 13 strains carried SCC mec  type V, seven type IV, two type III, and nine carried unreported type UT6. Of the 109 strains, 98.2% were positive for  hlg , 94.5% for  hla , 86.2% for  sei , 73.3% for  efb , 70.6% for  cna , 30.2% for  sea , and 12.8% for  sec  genes. Serotypes VII and VI were prevalent among  S. aureus  strains. PFGE analysis grouped the 109 strains into 77 clusters. MLST classified the strains into 33 sequence types (ST) and eight clonal complexes (CCs) of which 12 were singletons, and two belong to new allelic profiles. Isolates showed 46  spa -types that included two new spa-types designated as t14911 and t14912. MRSA and methicillin-susceptible  S. aureus  (MSSA) isolates were diverse in terms of antibiotic resistance pattern, toxin genotypes, SCC mec  types, serotypes and PFGE, MLST, and spa-types. However, few isolates from eye infection and wound infection belong to CC239, ST239, and  spa -type t037/t657. The study thus suggests that  S. aureus  strains are multidrug resistant, virulent, and diverse irrespective of sources and place of isolation. These findings necessitate the continuous surveillance of multidrug-resistant and virulent  S. aureus  and monitoring of the transmission of infection.

Antibiotic Susceptibility, Virulence Pattern, and Typing of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated From Variety of Infections in India