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Magnaporthe oryzae  infects rice, wheat, and many grass species in the Poaceae family by secreting protein effectors. Here, we analyzed the distribution, sequence variation, and genomic context of effector candidate ( EFC ) genes in 31 isolates that represent five pathotypes of  M. oryzae , three isolates of  M. grisea , a sister species of  M. oryzae , and one strain each for eight species in the family Magnaporthaceae to investigate how the host range expansion of  M. oryzae  has likely affected the evolution of effectors. We used the  EFC  genes of  M. oryzae  strain 70-15, whose genome has served as a reference for many comparative genomics analyses, to identify their homologs in these strains. We also analyzed the previously characterized avirulence ( AVR ) genes and single-copy orthologous ( SCO ) genes in these strains, which showed that the  EFC  and  AVR  genes evolved faster than the  SCO  genes. The  EFC  and  AVR  repertoires among  M. oryzae  pathotypes varied widely probably because adaptation to individual hosts exerted different types of selection pressure. Repetitive DNA elements appeared to have caused the variation of some  EFC  genes. Lastly, we analyzed expression patterns of the  AVR  and  EFC  genes to test the hypothesis that such genes are preferentially expressed during host infection. This comprehensive dataset serves as a foundation for future studies on the genetic basis of the evolution and host specialization in  M. oryzae .

Evolution of the Genes Encoding Effector Candidates Within Multiple Pathotypes of Magnaporthe oryzae